Thin films nanocomposite: multifunctional materials for energy and water purification

The growing worldwide need for energy and worries about climate change and pollution emphasize the necessity of renewable energy and clean water. Solar energy is among the most abundant and environmentally favorable approaches. Solar cell technology has improved particularly via more effective nanocomposites, making it a viable renewable energy source. Thin film nanocomposite (TFN) offers a promising strategy to address critical renewable energy and water treatment challenges. These innovative materials integrate the unique features of nanoparticles with thin-film architectures to improve performance, durability, and efficiency. TFN generally consists of a matrix material mixed with nanoscale inorganic and/or organic components, providing special characteristics that could enhance the stability and efficiency of solar devices. Obtaining the substantial properties of TFN depends on the compatibility of the mixing components and deposition technique. The utilization of nanomaterials introduces novel functionalities, such as enhanced light absorption, improved charge separation and transport, and increased structural stability, contributing to the overall advancement of solar cell technologies.Advanced deposition techniques and material engineering enhance the optical, electrical, and catalytic properties, improving energy conversion efficiency in solar cells and effective contaminant removal in water treatment. This review summarises the latest developments in TFNs relating to solar energy and water purification. It illustrates how material design and multifunctional integration can facilitate a unified system for various applications. The review highlights the importance and innovation of TFNs as a sustainable and scalable clean technology solution.