Recent Advances in Nanomaterial‑based Electrochemical Sensing Platforms

Recent advances in nanotechnology have significantly expanded the application of nanomaterials in analytical chemistry, particularly in electrochemical sensing. This review systematically covers developments reported over the past decade (approximately 2015-2025) in nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for diverse analytical targets. Owing to their high surface area, tunable electrical conductivity, and unique physicochemical properties, nanomaterials play a critical role in enhancing sensor sensitivity, selectivity, and signal transduction efficiency. This article provides a comprehensive and critical evaluation of major classes of nanomaterials, including carbon nanomaterials, metallic nanostructures, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), and polymer nanocomposites. Key aspects, including synthesis strategies, surface functionalisation, sensing mechanisms, and analytical performance metrics, are systematically compared. Furthermore, current challenges related to reproducibility, long-term stability, fouling resistance, and large-scale fabrication are critically discussed, along with limitations in real-sample analysis. Finally, emerging trends and future perspectives are outlined to guide the development of robust and practical electrochemical sensing platforms.