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Related Concept Videos

Flail Chest-I01:24

Flail Chest-I

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Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...
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Flail Chest-II01:26

Flail Chest-II

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Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management01:29

Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management

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Infective endocarditis (IE) is a chronic infection of the heart's endocardium, primarily affecting the heart valves. A detailed nursing assessment for a patient with IE involves collecting subjective and objective data to ensure an accurate diagnosis and timely intervention.Subjective DataThe nurse gathers information about the patient's symptoms and complaints during the subjective assessment. Patients with infective endocarditis often report non-specific symptoms that can mimic other...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Research on Candida albicans Biofilm-Associated Prosthetic Joint Infections
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Research on Candida albicans Biofilm-Associated Prosthetic Joint Infections

Published on: February 2, 2024

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Exploring the Connection between Flap Type and Infection in Lower Extremity Fractures.

Kylie Swiekatowski1, Stephen Parlamas1, Ellen Wang1

  • 1McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States.

Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery
|November 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

For open lower extremity fractures, both muscle and fasciocutaneous flaps show similar infection rates and outcomes. Flap choice should prioritize injury and patient factors, not just infection risk.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Research on Candida albicans Biofilm-Associated Prosthetic Joint Infections
04:37

Author Spotlight: Advancing Research on Candida albicans Biofilm-Associated Prosthetic Joint Infections

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • Muscle flaps were historically favored for open fractures and exposed hardware.
  • Both muscle and fasciocutaneous (FC) flaps are now common in lower extremity (LE) reconstruction.
  • Comparative infection rates between these flap types remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare postoperative infection rates between muscle and FC flaps in free flap reconstruction for open LE fractures.
  • To evaluate other outcomes such as reoperation, hospital stay, ambulation, and amputation rates.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 164 patients (≥18 years) from 2011-2021 undergoing flap reconstruction for open LE fractures.
  • Data collected included demographics, injury characteristics, and perioperative factors.
  • Primary outcome: postoperative infection requiring unplanned surgical washout within 9 months.

Main Results:

  • Overall infection rate was 23.2%, with no significant difference between muscle (25.6%) and FC flaps (20.5%).
  • Flap type was not a predictor of postoperative infection on multivariate analysis.
  • Reoperation, hospital stay, ambulation time, and amputation rates were similar between flap types.

Conclusions:

  • Muscle and FC flaps demonstrate comparable infection rates and complication profiles in reconstructing open LE fractures.
  • Flap selection should be individualized based on injury characteristics, patient factors, and reconstructive goals.