Scoping Review on Peripheral Arterial and Venous Outcomes in Intravenous Drug Users

Intravenous drug use (IVDU) is associated with severe peripheral vascular complications. This scoping review aims to synthesize current knowledge on arterial and venous outcomes in IVDU patients and to identify the barriers to care and health system challenges influencing these complications.

A scoping review was conducted, and the literature was systematically searched across 15 databases, covering studies published from inception to November 7, 2022. Studies involving peripheral vascular complications in IVDU patients were included, with no restrictions on study design. The exclusion criteria were studies focusing on biomarkers or involving nonhuman subjects. Results were described descriptively.

Of the 138 studies included, the most frequently reported complications were deep vein thrombosis, infection, pseudoaneurysm, and amputation. The review highlights the complex interplay of social factors, such as stigma and discrimination, which contribute to delayed diagnosis and suboptimal treatment outcomes. Rather than solely educational approaches, the need for structural health care interventions is emphasized to enhance care for this vulnerable population.

IVDU presents unique challenges in managing peripheral vascular complications. Clinicians must be aware of the specific risks and complications in this population, including the influence of systemic and social factors on patient outcomes. Future studies should focus on interventions that address these multifaceted challenges and incorporate patient perspectives to optimize care.