Role of multimodality imaging in cardiac implantable electronic devices related infection and infective endocarditis

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious and increasingly recognized condition, associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis of IE is more challenging in patients with implanted cardiac devices such as cardiac implantable electronic devices, left ventricular assist devices, and left atrial appendage occlusion devices.

This review focuses on the contemporary roles and applications of multi-modality imaging in the evaluation of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices related infection and IE. The role of multi-modality imaging in the diagnosis of patients with native or prosthetic valve IE is beyond the scope of this review. A literature search of the PubMed database was performed between 1 June 2024, and 30 June 2025. Relevant articles on the subjects of 'infective endocarditis,' 'multi-modality imaging,' and 'implanted cardiac devices' were utilized in our review.

The growing utilization of cardiac implanted electronic devices (CIED) demands improvement in the detection of CIED-related infections. Contemporary guidelines have considered utilizing multimodality imaging to diagnose IE. The incremental value of multimodality imaging remains to be rigorously examined. Large observational studies from tertiary centers might serve as the starting point toward building a strong evidence base.