Recent Advances in Modulating the Crystallization Dynamics of Sn-Pb Mixed Perovskites for High-Efficiency...

A deep understanding of Sn-Pb mixed perovskites is critical for the development of highly efficient all-perovskite tandem solar cells that surpass the radiative efficiency limits of single-junction devices. However, the rapid crystallization and intrinsic instability of Sn-Pb mixed perovskites often lead to crystal lattice defects, compositional inhomogeneity, and poor film morphology, which significantly reduce both device performance and stability. This review systematically examines the crystallization dynamics of Sn-Pb mixed perovskites and highlights the physicochemical distinctions between Sn and Pb. A comprehensive overview of crystallization dynamics, covering classical theories, recent state-of-the-art strategies, and current advances, is presented. The review concludes by outlining key challenges and potential opportunities for next-generation approaches to improve both performance and stability in Sn-Pb mixed perovskite solar cells and all-perovskite tandem solar cells.