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Updated: Jan 12, 2026

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Advances and Limitations of Reference Equations in Pulmonary Function Test Interpretation: Considerations for

Angela O Suen1, Nirav R Bhakta2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 1001 Potrero Avenue, #5K1 San Francisco, CA 94110, USA; Division of Geriatrics, University of California, San Francisco, USA.

Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
|November 6, 2025
PubMed

Keywords:
Age biasLung agingLung function declineOlder adultsPulmonary function testRacial biasReference equationsSpirometry

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