Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Accuracy and Errors in Hypothesis Testing01:13

Accuracy and Errors in Hypothesis Testing

555
Hypothesis testing is a fundamental statistical tool that begins with the assumption that the null hypothesis H0 is true. During this process, two types of errors can occur: Type I and Type II. A Type I error refers to the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis, while a Type II error involves the failure to reject a false null hypothesis.
In hypothesis testing, the probability of making a Type I error, denoted as α, is commonly set at 0.05. This significance level indicates a 5%...
555
Sign Test for Matched Pairs01:17

Sign Test for Matched Pairs

374
The sign test for matched pairs offers a robust method for comparing two paired samples, often for the effects of an intervention in one of them. This method is very useful in situations where the underlying distribution of the data is unknown. The test compares two related samples—often pre- and post-treatment measurements on the same subjects—to determine if there are significant differences in their median values.
To conduct the sign test, we first calculate the differences in...
374
Testing a Claim about Population Proportion01:24

Testing a Claim about Population Proportion

3.9K
A complete procedure for testing a claim about a population proportion is provided here.
There are two methods of testing a claim about a population proportion: (1) Using the sample proportion from the data where a binomial distribution is approximated to the normal distribution and (2) Using the binomial probabilities calculated from the data.
The first method uses normal distribution as an approximation to the binomial distribution. The requirements are as follows: sample size is large...
3.9K
Bonferroni Test01:10

Bonferroni Test

3.3K
The Bonferroni test is a statistical test named after Carlo Emilio Bonferroni, an Italian mathematician best known for Bonferroni inequalities. This statistical test is a type of multiple comparison test to determine which means are different than the rest. Bonferroni test can minimize the Type 1 error by reducing the significance level alpha, which otherwise increases with sample pairs.
The means of different samples are first paired in all possible combinations.
The null hypothesis of the...
3.3K
Significance Testing: Overview01:04

Significance Testing: Overview

11.5K
Significance testing is a set of statistical methods used to test whether a claim about a parameter is valid. In analytical chemistry, significance testing is used primarily to determine whether the difference between two values comes from determinate or random errors. The effect of a particular change in the measurement protocol, analyst, or sample itself can cause a deviation from the expected result. In the case of a suspected deviation/outlier, we need to be able to confirm mathematically...
11.5K
Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

7.6K
The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
7.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Pretesting Effect: Exploring the Impact of Feedback and Final Test Timing.

Journal of cognition·2025
Same author

Erring on the side of caution: Two failures to replicate the derring effect.

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2025
Same author

Unraveling the benefits of experiencing errors during learning: Definition, modulating factors, and explanatory theories.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2021
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

8.3K

Testing before learning: Exploring the robustness of the pretesting effect.

Yeray Mera1, Nataliya Dianova1, Eugenia Marin-Garcia2

  • 1Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Tolosa Hiribidea, 70, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain.

Memory & Cognition
|November 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Errorful learning, like pretesting, significantly boosts memory compared to errorless copying. This effective learning strategy benefits diverse age groups, though people often underestimate its power.

Keywords:
EncodingError learningPretestingRetrieval practiceTesting effect

More Related Videos

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
10:26

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

4.4K
Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance
13:20

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Published on: December 5, 2025

606

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

8.3K
Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
10:26

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

4.4K
Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance
13:20

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Published on: December 5, 2025

606

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Retrieval practice enhances learning, with pretesting emerging as superior to re-studying.
  • Errorful learning strategies, including pretesting, are powerful tools for memory enhancement.
  • Metacognitive awareness of learning efficacy is often inaccurate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of test order (pretest vs. post-test) on memory compared to errorless copying.
  • To explore the robustness of pretesting effects in older adults.
  • To examine metacognitive judgments regarding the efficacy of testing.

Main Methods:

  • Series of experiments comparing memory performance across different conditions: pretest, post-test, copy-test-copy, and errorless copying.
  • Error type analysis to identify intrusion errors.
  • Experiments included participants across diverse age groups, including older adults.

Main Results:

  • Pretesting, post-testing, and copy-test-copy conditions all improved memory compared to errorless copying, with no significant differences among them.
  • Pretesting significantly enhanced memory in older adults compared to copying, demonstrating robustness across age groups.
  • Participants consistently underestimated the learning benefits of testing, indicating a metacognitive deficit.

Conclusions:

  • Errorful learning, particularly pretesting, is a highly effective memory enhancement strategy.
  • The benefits of pretesting are robust and applicable across different age groups and experimental designs.
  • Addressing the metacognitive gap in understanding testing efficacy is crucial for optimizing learning strategies.