Recent Developments in Capillary and Microchip Electroseparations of Peptides (2023-mid 2025)

This review presents a comprehensive overview of the developments and applications of high-performance capillary and microchip electromigration methods (zone electrophoresis in a free solution or in sieving media, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography) for analysis, microscale isolation, and physicochemical and biochemical characterization of peptides in the period from 2023 up to ca. the middle of 2025. Advances in the exploration of electromigration properties of peptides and various aspects of their analysis, such as sample preparation, sorption suppression, EOF regulation, and detection, are described. New developments in the particular CE methods are presented, and several types of their applications are reported. They include qualitative and quantitative analysis of synthetic or isolated peptides, determination of peptides in complex biomatrices, peptide profiling of biofluids and tissue extracts, and monitoring of chemical and enzymatic reactions and physicochemical changes of peptides. They also deal with amino acid and sequence analysis of peptides, peptide mapping of proteins, separation of stereoisomers of peptides, and their chiral analyses. In addition, micropreparative separations and physicochemical and biochemical characterizations of peptides and their interactions with other (bio)molecules by the above CE methods are described.