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Transcription

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...

Transcription

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...

Bacterial Transcription

Bacterial Transcription

RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Transcriptional outputs and condensates - formation and function.

Stephanie Hutin¹, Jiawei Li², Mark D Tully³

¹Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.

The New Phytologist

|November 7, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Biomolecular condensates formed by phase separation (PS) help plants rapidly respond to environmental changes by regulating gene expression. Specific protein interactions drive this crucial cellular process.

Keywords:

biomolecular condensates intrinsically disordered regions multivalency phase separation prion‐like domains transcriptional regulation

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Area of Science:

Cellular biology
Molecular biology
Plant science

Background:

Macromolecular organization is vital for cellular functions, including gene expression and enzymatic activity.
Biomolecular condensates, formed via phase separation (PS), concentrate molecules in membraneless compartments, modulating cellular processes.
Plants utilize PS to perceive and respond to environmental cues, altering gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the role of phase separation (PS) in modulating plant environmental responses.
To focus on how PS influences gene expression at the transcriptional level.
To discuss the mechanisms of phase-separating proteins and their interactions.

Main Methods:

Review of recent studies on phase separation in plants.
Analysis of transcriptional regulation in response to environmental stimuli.
Discussion of protein-protein interactions in phase separation nucleation.

Main Results:

Phase separation (PS) is a key mechanism plants use to dynamically organize macromolecules.
PS modulates plant environmental responses, particularly gene expression.
Specific protein interactions are crucial for initiating PS.

Conclusions:

Phase separation (PS) plays a significant role in plant environmental perception and response.
Understanding PS mechanisms and protein interactions is essential for comprehending plant adaptability.
PS offers a framework for studying how plants integrate environmental signals to modulate gene expression.