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Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Residue-Free Fabrication of van der Waals Heterostructures of Two-Dimensional Materials
Published on: July 18, 2025
Determining the complex second-order optical susceptibility in macroscale van der Waals heterobilayers
Zeyuan Zhu1, Taejun Yoo1, Kanchan Shaikh1
1Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
Abstract:
We report on the experimental characterization of the second-order susceptibility in MoSe2/WS2 heterobilayers, including their hidden complex phases. To this end, we developed a heterodyne-detection scheme for second-harmonic generation and applied it to macroscale heterobilayer samples prepared using the gold-tape exfoliation method. The heterodyne scheme enabled us to distinguish the relative orientation of the crystal domains, and furthermore, it allowed us to characterize the complex phases of the susceptibility relative to a reference quartz sample. By comparing the results from the monolayer regions and the heterobilayer region over several hundred microns of the sample area, we determined that the contribution of interlayer effects to second-harmonic generation is within the experimental uncertainty arising from the sample inhomogeneity. The results here provide fundamental quantitative information necessary for the precise design of nanophotonic systems based on stacking engineering.
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