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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Subsurface Defect Localization by Structured Heating Using Laser Projected Photothermal Thermography
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A novel phased-array thermography concept for non-destructive testing.

Cristiano Martinelli1, Michele Meo2

  • 1Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 7QF, UK.

Scientific Reports
|November 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces Phased-Array Thermography (PAT), a novel method using steered thermal waves for enhanced non-destructive testing. PAT offers improved defect identification in materials compared to traditional Infrared Thermography (IRT).

Keywords:
Aerospace engineeringDefect identificationNon-destructive testingThermography

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
  • Thermal Engineering

Background:

  • Phased array technology traditionally steers elastic, electromagnetic, and other waves for precise applications.
  • Active Infrared Thermography (IRT) methods often lack control over thermal gradient direction, limiting defect identification.
  • Existing IRT techniques uniformly heat surfaces, hindering directional analysis of thermal responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and validate a novel Phased-Array Thermography (PAT) method for non-destructive evaluation.
  • To overcome limitations of conventional IRT by enabling precise steering and focusing of thermal waves.
  • To introduce a new three-dimensional approach for enhanced material inspection and defect characterization.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel phased array method for steering and focusing thermal waves, termed Phased-Array Thermography (PAT).
  • Derived and validated a closed-form analytical solution for thermal wave propagation against numerical simulations.
  • Assessed PAT accuracy using thermal Finite Element (FE) simulations and experimental analyses on aluminum and composite plates.

Main Results:

  • Phased-Array Thermography (PAT) demonstrated superior control over thermal wavefronts compared to Pulsed Thermography (PT).
  • FE simulations and experimental results validated PAT's effectiveness in identifying flaws like flat bottom holes and impact damage.
  • The method successfully achieved precise steering and focusing of thermal waves, offering enhanced directional thermal gradient control.

Conclusions:

  • Phased-Array Thermography (PAT) represents a significant advancement in non-destructive evaluation by introducing controlled thermal wavefront steering.
  • This novel approach has transformative potential for structural health monitoring and adaptive manufacturing systems.
  • PAT overcomes key limitations of traditional IRT, enabling more precise and effective material inspection.