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Related Concept Videos

Epistaxis01:30

Epistaxis

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Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
Etiology
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Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways of Hemostasis01:20

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Blood clotting or coagulation involves extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, which ultimately merge into the common pathway, forming a fibrin clot.
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Tracheostomy decannulation is a significant milestone in the liberation of mechanically ventilated patients. Despite its importance, there is no universally accepted protocol for this procedure. This demands an evidence-based, individualized approach.
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Disorders of Hemostasis01:24

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Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
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Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis01:26

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Thoracentesis(Thoracocentesis), commonly known as pleural tap, is a medical procedure where a 22 gauge needle is inserted into the pleural space, the area between the lung and chest wall. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or treat various respiratory disorders.
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Introduction to Hemostasis01:05

Introduction to Hemostasis

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Hemostasis is a complex physiological process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. It's crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system, as it ensures that our blood remains fluid while still within the vascular network and yet clots to prevent blood loss upon vessel injury.
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Epistaxis.

Bastien A Valencia-Sanchez1, Angela M Donaldson1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic in Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.

The Medical Clinics of North America
|November 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers diagnosing and managing nosebleeds (epistaxis) for primary care providers. It details diagnostic steps, anatomy, risk factors, and treatment options, including when to consult an ear, nose, and throat specialist.

Keywords:
EmergenciesEpistaxisHemostasisNasal mucosaNasal packingNosebleed

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Medicine
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, is a frequent clinical issue with diverse severity.
  • It occurs in both outpatient and inpatient environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To offer primary care providers an evidence-based, comprehensive guide to diagnosing and managing epistaxis.
  • To emphasize diagnostic workup, relevant anatomy, and risk factors.
  • To review conservative and advanced treatment interventions and referral criteria for specialist care.

Main Methods:

  • This article presents a comprehensive review of existing literature and clinical guidelines.
  • It synthesizes information on epistaxis diagnosis and management.

Main Results:

  • Key diagnostic approaches for epistaxis are outlined.
  • Relevant anatomical structures and common risk factors are detailed.
  • Both conservative measures and advanced interventions are discussed, alongside criteria for referral to an ear, nose, and throat specialist.

Conclusions:

  • Primary care providers can effectively manage most epistaxis cases with appropriate knowledge.
  • Understanding diagnostic workup, anatomy, risk factors, and treatment options is crucial.
  • Timely referral to specialists ensures optimal patient outcomes for severe or complex cases.