Two-dimensional nanomaterials for infection control: A comprehensive review.

Area of Science:

• Materials Science
• Nanotechnology
• Infectious Disease Research

Background:

• Rising antimicrobial resistance necessitates novel anti-infective strategies.
• Two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets present unique properties for combating pathogens.
• Existing treatments face challenges with multidrug resistance and biofilm formation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review material families of 2D nanosheets relevant to anti-infective applications.
• To highlight the mechanisms by which 2D nanosheets exert antimicrobial effects.
• To discuss the translational potential of 2D nanosheets in healthcare formats.

Main Methods:

• Review of literature on graphene derivatives, TMDs, MXenes, carbon nitride, hBN, and phosphorene.
• Analysis of extracellular antimicrobial mechanisms including membrane stress, ROS generation, and photothermal/photodynamic effects.
• Examination of deployable healthcare formats incorporating 2D nanosheets.

Main Results:

• Identified key 2D nanosheet material families with antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal potential.
• Detailed convergent extracellular mechanisms employed by these nanosheets.
• Demonstrated successful integration into hydrogels, wound dressings, coatings, and composites.

Conclusions:

• 2D nanosheets offer versatile platforms for next-generation anti-infective technologies.
• Mechanisms like membrane stress and ROS generation are key to their efficacy.
• Translational formats enable localized, on-demand activation, addressing resistance and biofilm challenges.