Photography techniques for 3D surface reconstruction during autopsy

Photographic documentation of forensic findings during autopsy traditionally relies on two-dimensional overview and detail photos. Modern photogrammetry enables the generation of high-resolution 3D models, with lighting techniques having a significant influence on model quality. The aim of this study was to compare a stationary high-performance setup with four studio flashes, a mobile low-budget setup using a ring flash, and reference methods without external lighting, with respect to acquisition efficiency, texture quality, and practical applicability. Ten bodies were fully documented photographically, whereby image acquisition was performed using a Sony Alpha 7 R V with standardized camera settings. 3D model generation was conducted using 3DF Zephyr. Several ambient lighting and camera parameter configurations, acquisition time, as well as 3D texture quality, and artefact formation were evaluated. In both flash-supported methods, the images required for high-resolution models could be acquired within 3-6 min with the stationary setup showing the most consistent results, while the mobile setup revealed strengths in confined anatomical regions. Reference methods without controlled lighting proved less suitable due to texture inconsistencies, lower texture resolution, or prolonged acquisition times. Subjective model quality and interpretability were additionally assessed by eight forensic specialists using a structured rating scheme, further supporting the superiority of flash-assisted methods. In conclusion, controlled lighting and stable acquisition parameters are essential for high-quality and reproducible photogrammetric documentation in forensic autopsy practice.