Advances in synthetic methanotrophy for sustainable C1 bioconversion

Methane (CH₄) represents an abundant source of carbon and energy with significant potential for sustainable biotechnological processes. For efficient bioconversion of CH₄ into value-added products, synthetic methanotrophy has emerged as a promising strategy, enabling the rational design of engineered microbial systems. In this review, we highlight recent advances in CH₄-based bioprocesses, covering the metabolic design of synthetic methanotrophs and optimization of bioreactor systems adapted for gas fermentation. A comparative analysis of key CH₄-converting enzymes is provided, with particular emphasis on soluble methane monooxygenase and its heterologous production in industrial chassis. Recent progress in modular one-carbon (C1)-pathway engineering accelerates enzyme optimization and highlights synthetic methylotrophy as a prerequisite for robust synthetic methanotrophy. Collectively, these advances establish a foundation for scalable, efficient, and sustainable CH₄-based biotechnological processes.