Brain organoids-on-chip for neural diseases modeling: History, challenges and trends

Brain organoid-on-chip platforms have emerged as groundbreaking tools in neural disease modeling and drug discovery, offering a unique and highly accurate simulation of human organ physiology and function compared with traditional cell culture systems. This technology is a harmonious fusion of organ-on-a-chip and organoid culture technologies, leveraging their strengths to provide the most realistic in vitro replication of the in vivo environment, both physically and biologically. As both technologies continue to advance rapidly, this platform is highly promising in vitro platform for disease modeling. In this review, we summarize the historical developments, recent advancements, limitations, and future prospects of brain organoid-on-chip technology, aiming to illuminate the transformative potential of this platform in advancing our understanding and treatment of neural diseases.