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The Effectiveness of a Cover-Copy-Compare App for Developing Secondary School Students' Mathematical Procedural
Jacob Strauss1, Colin Foster1, Tim Jay2
1Department of Mathematics Education, Loughborough University, Schofield Building, Loughborough, LE11 3TU UK.
Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education = Revue Canadienne De L'Enseignement Des Sciences, Des Mathematiques Et De La Technologie
|November 10, 2025
Summary
Cover-copy-compare (CCC) improved secondary students' procedural fluency in math more than standard exercises. This self-managed learning approach shows promise for complex procedures in secondary education.
Area of Science:
- Educational Psychology
- Mathematics Education
- Educational Technology
Background:
- Cover-copy-compare (CCC) is a self-managed learning strategy effective for foundational math skills.
- Previous research on CCC has primarily focused on primary school mathematics.
- Complex, multi-step procedures in secondary education have not been extensively studied with CCC.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the effectiveness of a novel Cover-copy-compare (CCC) application for teaching secondary students complex mathematical procedures.
- To compare the impact of a CCC app versus a non-CCC app on students' procedural fluency.
Main Methods:
- A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 224 students aged 14-16.
- Participants used either a novel CCC app or a non-CCC app within similar technological environments.
- Both apps focused on teaching students to find the equation of a straight line given two points.
Main Results:
- Students using the CCC app demonstrated significantly greater improvements in procedural fluency compared to those using the non-CCC app.
- The study found that CCC was effective for a complex, multi-step procedure in secondary mathematics.
Conclusions:
- Cover-copy-compare (CCC) has strong potential for enhancing procedural fluency in secondary education mathematics.
- The findings support the adaptation of CCC for more complex procedures beyond primary school.
- Further research is recommended to explore CCC's application across various secondary school subjects and procedures.
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