Synergestic Protein-Green synthesized Nanoparticles Nanosystems: A Sustainable and Safe Approach for Cancer...

Rationale: Cancer theranostics is an evolving field focused on reducing mortality and providing safer treatment options for complete remission. The rising incidence of cancer and increased mortality linked to frequent hospital visits highlight the need for nature-based remedies as promising alternatives. Nanotechnology has contributed to cancer treatment by offering effective anti-cancer and antimicrobial solutions, with a current emphasis on developing safe, easily synthesized nanomaterials using natural sources and green synthesis methods. Methods: This review explores the synergistic use of protein-based nanomaterials and green-synthesized nanoparticles in cancer theranostics. Sources of protein-based nanomaterials include human serum albumin, gliadin, DNA, peptides, collagen, bacteria, and soy protein. Green-synthesized nanoparticles discussed include gold, silver, copper, zinc, and magnesium. The approach involves evaluating the stability, biocompatibility, and therapeutic potential of these nanosystems based on existing experimental findings. Results: Protein-based nanomaterials and green-synthesized nanoparticles demonstrate synergistic effects that enhance their stability and efficacy in cancer theranostics. These nanosystems offer anti-cancer activity along with additional functional properties resulting from their synergistic composition. Furthermore, they are environmentally friendly and non-toxic. Despite their promise, the literature reveals a gap in studies investigating these hybrid nanosystems, particularly regarding in vivo evaluations. Conclusions: Synergistic protein-green synthesized nanoparticle nanosystems hold significant promise for cancer theranostics due to their enhanced therapeutic properties and environmental safety. However, additional in vivo studies are crucial to fully establish their efficacy. Future research should leverage emerging technologies to accelerate the development and testing of stable nanosystems for clinical application.