Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs02:26

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

18.5K
Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
Copy number variations or CNVs are the structural variations that cover more than 1kb of DNA sequence. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), on the other hand, is a single nucleotide change or a point mutation that is found in more than 1%...
18.5K
Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

1.2K
Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles,...
1.2K
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

6.8K
Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
6.8K
Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

52.2K
Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
52.2K
Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

15.0K
The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
15.0K
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

7.8K
The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
7.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Comparative Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Differences in Initiation of Antiviral Response in Low rAAV Producing HEK293 Suspension Cells.

Biotechnology journal·2026
Same author

Comparative Analysis of rAAV Production from Plasmid-Encoded Versus Chromosomally Integrated rAAV Transgene in HEK293 Cells.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

Habitat Isolation Effects on Personality in a Ground Beetle, <i>Carabus convexus</i> Fabricius, 1775.

Insects·2026
Same author

Sex-specific but not urbanisation-related behavioural differences in a wolf spider, Pardosa alacris.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

An improved CRISPR-Cas9 protein-based method for knocking out insect Sf9 cell genes.

Applied microbiology and biotechnology·2026
Same author

Predation pressure on sentinel prey does not necessarily diminish with advancing urbanization.

Insect science·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Author Spotlight: Decoding DNA Repair by Extrachromosomal NHEJ Assay and HR Assays
09:29

Author Spotlight: Decoding DNA Repair by Extrachromosomal NHEJ Assay and HR Assays

Published on: February 2, 2024

3.7K

Comparative Analysis of HEK293 Genomic Variability.

Georg Smesnik1,2,3, Nikolaus Virgolini1,2,3, Maria Toth1,2

  • 1Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, CD Laboratory of Knowledge-Based Production of Gene Therapy Vectors, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering
|November 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells used in biomanufacturing maintain a stable genetic core despite cultivation changes. Mutations accumulate gradually over time, impacting cellular structure genes but not viral gene integration.

Keywords:
DNA variant analysisHEK293adaptation to suspensiongenomicswhole‐genome sequencing

More Related Videos

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations
10:17

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations

Published on: November 3, 2010

23.3K
Using Next Generation Sequencing to Identify Mutations Associated with Repair of a CAS9-induced Double Strand Break Near the CD4 Promoter
06:59

Using Next Generation Sequencing to Identify Mutations Associated with Repair of a CAS9-induced Double Strand Break Near the CD4 Promoter

Published on: March 31, 2022

2.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Author Spotlight: Decoding DNA Repair by Extrachromosomal NHEJ Assay and HR Assays
09:29

Author Spotlight: Decoding DNA Repair by Extrachromosomal NHEJ Assay and HR Assays

Published on: February 2, 2024

3.7K
An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations
10:17

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations

Published on: November 3, 2010

23.3K
Using Next Generation Sequencing to Identify Mutations Associated with Repair of a CAS9-induced Double Strand Break Near the CD4 Promoter
06:59

Using Next Generation Sequencing to Identify Mutations Associated with Repair of a CAS9-induced Double Strand Break Near the CD4 Promoter

Published on: March 31, 2022

2.8K

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Genomics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells are crucial for biopharmaceutical production, especially for recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) manufacturing.
  • Limited data exists on the genomic stability and background of HEK293 cell lines under various industrial conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically analyze the genetic landscape and stability of diverse HEK293 cell lines.
  • To understand genomic evolution in response to cultivation, selection, and genetic modification.

Main Methods:

  • Whole genome sequencing of HEK293 cell lines adapted to suspension growth and comparison with existing data.
  • Alignment of sequencing data against the human reference genome to identify variants.
  • Analysis of conserved mutations and their functional implications.

Main Results:

  • A conserved genetic core was identified across all analyzed HEK293 lines, irrespective of cultivation history.
  • Functional analysis revealed enrichment of mutations in genes associated with cellular structure and morphology.
  • Single nucleotide polymorphisms and structural variants accumulated gradually over time, not abruptly due to environmental shifts.
  • Integrated adenoviral genes demonstrated high conservation in copy number, integration site, and sequence integrity.

Conclusions:

  • HEK293 cell genomes exhibit remarkable stability, with a conserved core and gradual mutation accumulation.
  • Understanding HEK293 genomic evolution is vital for optimizing their use in biopharmaceutical manufacturing.
  • These findings provide a basis for future multi-omics studies to enhance HEK293 cell applications.