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Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping

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A fault-tolerant neutral-atom architecture for universal quantum computation.

Dolev Bluvstein^1,2, Alexandra A Geim¹, Sophie H Li¹

¹Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.

|November 10, 2025

Summary

This study demonstrates a universal, fault-tolerant quantum computing architecture using neutral atoms. Experiments show significant error suppression and efficient logical operations, paving the way for scalable quantum computers.

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Area of Science:

Quantum Information Science
Quantum Computing
Atomic Physics

Background:

Quantum error correction (QEC) is critical for building large-scale quantum computers.
Developing fault-tolerant quantum devices and efficient architectures remains a significant scientific challenge due to the complexity of logical qubit operations.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally implement and explore the working mechanisms of a universal, fault-tolerant quantum processing architecture.
To investigate key principles for efficient architecture design in neutral atom systems.

Main Methods:

Utilized reconfigurable arrays of up to 448 neutral atoms.
Implemented surface codes for studying repeated QEC and error suppression.
Employed transversal gates, lattice surgery, and transversal teleportation for logical entanglement and universal logic.
Developed mid-circuit qubit reuse for increased experimental cycle rates.

Main Results:

Achieved 2.14(13)x below-threshold performance in QEC using atom loss detection and machine learning decoding.
Demonstrated logical entanglement and universal logic synthesis with polylogarithmic overhead.
Increased experimental cycle rates by two orders of magnitude through mid-circuit qubit reuse, enabling deep-circuit protocols.

Conclusions:

Established foundations for scalable, universal error-corrected quantum processing in neutral atom systems.
Highlighted principles for efficient architecture design, including the interplay of quantum logic, entropy removal, and teleportation.
Showcased the practical implementation of fault-tolerant elements crucial for future quantum computers.