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    This study demonstrates an adaptive optics system using a single-pixel camera to correct atmospheric turbulence for satellite-to-ground optical links. The system significantly improves signal coupling efficiency, especially in infrared bands.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Astronomy and Astrophysics
    • Telecommunications

    Background:

    • Atmospheric turbulence severely degrades optical communication links between satellites and the ground.
    • Conventional adaptive optics (AO) systems are often optimized for visible light, limiting their effectiveness at longer wavelengths.
    • Near- and mid-infrared wavelengths offer advantages for satellite-to-ground communication due to lower atmospheric impact and higher bandwidth.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a proof-of-concept for an adaptive optics system utilizing a single-pixel camera (SPC) for satellite-to-ground optical links.
    • To demonstrate the correction of atmospheric phase distortion using intensity measurements in the infrared spectrum.
    • To evaluate the system's effectiveness for enabling single-mode fiber coupling.

    Main Methods:

    • An experimental setup simulated atmospheric phase turbulence using a spatial light modulator (SLM).
    • A single-pixel camera (SPC) captured intensity measurements for phase distortion estimation.
    • A closed-loop phase retrieval (PR) algorithm iteratively refined wavefront correction based on SPC feedback.

    Main Results:

    • The adaptive optics system demonstrated significant improvement in coupling efficiency, increasing from under 5% to 50% in medium turbulence and 25% in strong turbulence.
    • Experimental results showed compatibility with simulation data, validating the system's performance.
    • A novel performance metric analogous to single-mode fiber coupling efficiency was proposed and measured using the SPC setup.

    Conclusions:

    • Single-pixel camera-based adaptive optics systems are effective for correcting atmospheric turbulence in satellite-to-ground optical links, particularly in the infrared.
    • The developed AO system enables efficient coupling of optical signals into single-mode fibers.
    • The proposed performance metric allows for effective evaluation without requiring a physical single-mode fiber in the experimental loop.