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Stable isotope and multi-elemental analysis combined with statistical modeling for saffron origin authentication.

Cathrine Terro1,2, Lidija Strojnik2, Doris Potočnik2

  • 1Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Food Chemistry: X
|November 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Authenticating saffron origin is crucial due to fraud risks. This study uses stable isotope and elemental analysis, achieving 94% accuracy in identifying geographical origins and detecting mislabeled products.

Keywords:
AuthenticationElemental analysisGeographical originSaffronStable isotope ratio analysisStatistical modelingTraceability

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science and Technology
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a high-value spice susceptible to mislabeling and fraud.
  • Complex supply chains exacerbate the risks of adulteration and origin misrepresentation.
  • Ensuring saffron authenticity is vital for consumer trust and fair trade.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a robust analytical method for authenticating the geographical origin of saffron.
  • To identify key isotopic and elemental markers for discriminating saffron sources.
  • To assess the prevalence of mislabeling in commercial saffron samples.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated stable isotope ratio analysis (δ²H, δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, δ¹⁸O, δ³⁴S) using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS).
  • Multi-elemental profiling via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
  • Advanced statistical modeling, including Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) and Data-Driven Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (DD-SIMCA).

Main Results:

  • OPLS-DA achieved 94% classification accuracy for geographical origin discrimination.
  • Key discriminating variables included δ²H, δ¹⁵N, K, Ca, δ¹³C, Sr, Mn, Co, and Zn.
  • Elemental ratios (Rb/Sr, K/Rb, Ca/Sr) and additional isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δ³⁴S) refined classification, especially for Moroccan saffron.
  • DD-SIMCA indicated potential mislabeling in ~15% of commercial samples, with 24% for Iranian-labeled products.

Conclusions:

  • Combined stable isotope and multi-elemental analysis provides a powerful tool for saffron origin authentication.
  • The developed methodology can effectively detect mislabeled saffron, enhancing supply chain transparency.
  • Robust analytical verification is essential to combat fraud and ensure the integrity of the saffron market.