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Assessing loading rate in frequency domain by accelerometry.

Jin Luo¹, Noushin Ahmadvand¹, Mike Crooks²

¹School of Medicine and Biosciences, University of West London, UK.

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of Engineering in Medicine

|November 11, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new frequency-domain method using accelerometry to assess loading rates during walking. The findings reveal how loading rates change across body locations and correlate with time-domain measures.

Keywords:

acceleration body segments gait ground reaction force musculoskeletal load

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Human Locomotion
Signal Processing

Background:

Loading rate is crucial for understanding musculoskeletal health during walking.
Current methods often focus on time-domain analysis, potentially missing frequency-specific information.
Accelerometry offers a portable and accessible means to measure biomechanical loading.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a frequency-domain method for calculating loading rate from accelerometry data.
To investigate how frequency-domain loading rate varies across different body segments (pelvis, thigh, shank, foot) during walking.
To compare frequency-domain loading rate with traditional time-domain measures (Average Loading Rate - ALR, Instantaneous Loading Rate - ILR).

Main Methods:

A novel method was devised to decompose acceleration signals into frequency bands (0-3, 3-6, 6-10, 10-15 Hz) to isolate loading components.
Open-access data from human walking, including accelerometry and ground reaction forces, were analyzed.
Loading rate was calculated in the frequency domain at four distinct bands and compared with time-domain ALR and ILR.

Main Results:

Frequency-domain loading rate significantly attenuated from foot to pelvis across all analyzed bands (p < 0.001).
Attenuation patterns differed between low (<10 Hz) and high (>10 Hz) frequency bands.
Frequency-domain loading rate showed significant correlations with both ALR and ILR (R² = 0.44–0.56), with stronger correlations observed at lower frequencies.

Conclusions:

Frequency-domain analysis of accelerometry provides valuable insights into biomechanical loading during human locomotion.
This method can differentiate loading characteristics across various body segments and frequency ranges.
Assessing loading rate in the frequency domain offers complementary information to time-domain analyses for a comprehensive understanding of biomechanical loads.