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Inhaled Medications01:23

Inhaled Medications

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Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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The diagnosis and management of asthma are comprehensive, encompassing clinical assessments, lung function tests, and pharmacological interventions. Here's an overview:
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary isease (COPD) involves a group of progressive lung disorders characterized by persistent airflow limitation and chronic respiratory symptoms. Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome (ACOS), encompassing features of both asthma and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is a group of progressive lung disorders that includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. ACOS leads to complex clinical presentations that combine the inflammatory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System
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Replacing or Supplementing Automated Insulin Delivery With Inhaled Insulin: A 90-Day Randomized Controlled Trial.

Kevin B Kaiserman1, Johanna Ulloa1, Jennifer Pleitez1

  • 1MannKind Corporation, Westlake Village, CA, USA.

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
|November 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Technosphere insulin (TI), an inhaled ultra-rapid-acting insulin, was evaluated as a supplement or replacement for automated insulin delivery (AID) systems in type 1 diabetes. The study found TI safe and effective for mealtime glucose control when added to AID or used with basal insulin.

Keywords:
glycated hemoglobinhypoglycemiainhaled insulinlung functionpostprandial glucose

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Technosphere insulin (TI) is an ultra-rapid-acting inhaled insulin for diabetes management.
  • This study explored using a higher modified dose of TI to supplement or replace automated insulin delivery (AID) systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the safety and efficacy of Technosphere insulin (TI) when used with automated insulin delivery (AID) systems in adults with type 1 diabetes.
  • To evaluate TI's role in glycemic control, pulmonary function, and adverse events.

Main Methods:

  • Adults with type 1 diabetes using AID were randomized into three groups: TI + AID, TI + insulin degludec, or control (AID only).
  • Treatment duration was 90 days, with assessments including HbA1c, FEV1, hypoglycemia, and adverse events.

Main Results:

  • All groups showed comparable HbA1c declines; the control group had a statistically significant decline.
  • No significant differences in FEV1 or hypoglycemia rates (including severe events) were observed between groups.
  • No serious adverse events were reported; two participants experienced AEs of special interest related to TI (pulmonary function decline, wheezing).

Conclusions:

  • This proof-of-concept study indicates that Technosphere insulin (TI) is safe and effective.
  • TI can be used to supplement AID systems for mealtime control or with basal insulin for overall glycemic management at a higher modified dose.