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Ultrasonic focus localization via nonlinear harmonic source detection.

Guanjun Yin1, Pan Li2, Jiahao Yang1

  • 1Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|November 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Accurate focused ultrasound (FUS) localization is achieved by detecting nonlinear harmonics generated at the focus. This method precisely tracks the FUS focus, enhancing safety and efficacy in therapeutic applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Acoustics
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Accurate focus localization is critical for the safety and effectiveness of focused ultrasound (FUS) therapies.
  • Nonlinear effects at the FUS focus produce harmonics, serving as a detectable source.
  • Harmonic detection offers a potential method for real-time FUS focus localization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and experimentally validate a method for FUS focus localization using nonlinear harmonic detection.
  • To compare the accuracy of harmonic-based localization with established methods using two distinct experimental systems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a sound field scanning system to compare peak acoustic amplitude focus with harmonic time difference of arrival (TDOA) localization.
  • Employed a phased-array ultrasound system to compare geometric focus from B-mode imaging with TDOA and harmonic source reconstruction.
  • Experimental validation of harmonic source localization against reference standards.

Main Results:

  • Harmonic source localization accurately determined the FUS focus across both experimental systems.
  • Time difference of arrival (TDOA) calculations demonstrated superior axial accuracy (0.182 mm) compared to linear array-based harmonic reconstruction (0.438 mm).
  • Results showed sub-wavelength-scale agreement between harmonic-based localization and reference standards.

Conclusions:

  • Nonlinear harmonics serve as reliable acoustic signatures for precise FUS focus tracking.
  • This technique offers significant potential for real-time monitoring in therapeutic FUS applications.
  • Harmonic-based localization enhances the safety and efficacy of FUS treatments.