Non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers of viral hepatitis based on multi-omics technology: Recent advances and challenges

Liver is prone to viral infection. Viral hepatitis can be roughly divided into hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. Accurate diagnosis of viral hepatitis is crucial for accurate treatments. Different types of biomarkers, including non-invasive biomarkers have been explored for the diagnosis of viral hepatitis. With the fast development of multi-omics technology, non-invasive biomarkers can be detected from blood, saliva, urine, stool, and other body fluids. The advantages of non-invasive biomarkers are: 1) non-invasive; 2) convenient to test and 3) repeatable. The application of non-invasive biomarkers significantly improves the diagnostic accuracy of viral hepatitis. The non-invasive biomarkers can be sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, and even microorganisms. In this review, we summarized recent advances in identifying non-invasive biomarkers using multi-omics technology and discussed their potential diagnostic values for viral hepatitis.