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Using the gait disorientation test to measure spatial navigation in children with cochlear implants.

Emma Kingsley1, Andrew Wagner1, Jessie N Patterson2

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy, Creighton University, 2500 California Plz, Omaha, NE, USA.

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Summary

Children with cochlear implants (CCI) and vestibular loss do not show impaired spatial navigation. This suggests unique compensatory mechanisms in children, unlike adults with similar conditions.

Keywords:
BalanceCochlear implantHearingSpatial navigationVestibular

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Audiology
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • The vestibular system is crucial for spatial orientation.
  • Vestibular dysfunction is linked to spatial cognitive deficits in adults.
  • Vestibular loss is common in children with cochlear implants (CCI), but its impact on their spatial cognition is understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of hearing loss and combined hearing and vestibular loss on spatial navigation in children.
  • To compare spatial cognitive performance in children with cochlear implants (CCI) and varying degrees of vestibular function against normally hearing children.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 84 children: children with normal hearing (CNH), CCI with normal vestibular function (CCI-NV), CCI with unilateral vestibular loss (CCI-UVL), and CCI with bilateral vestibular loss (CCI-BVL).
  • Spatial navigation assessed using the Gait Disorientation Test (GDT).
  • Motor proficiency (BOT-2) and vestibular function (vHIT) were also evaluated.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in Gait Disorientation Test (GDT) scores were found across all groups, indicating preserved spatial navigation.
  • Children with CCI and vestibular loss showed significantly lower performance on balance tests (BOT-2).
  • Gait speed during eyes-open walking was slower in normally hearing children and those with bilateral vestibular loss compared to those with CCI and normal vestibular function.

Conclusions:

  • Children with vestibular loss, even those with cochlear implants (CCI), do not exhibit impaired spatial navigation compared to their peers.
  • These findings suggest that children develop distinct compensatory strategies for vestibular loss, differing from adult responses.
  • Early-life vestibular loss may not significantly hinder spatial navigation development due to unique neuroplasticity.