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Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions01:21

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In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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Liver Cold Storage and Transplantation in the Cold-Adaptive Daurian Ground Squirrels
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The old and the cold.

Simon P Allison1, Dileep N Lobo2

  • 1Formerly Professor of Clinical Nutrition, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.

Clinical Nutrition ESPEN
|November 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Older adults experiencing malnutrition are at higher risk of hypothermia and accidents during cold weather. Maintaining adequate nutrition and warmth is crucial for preventing serious health consequences in the elderly.

Keywords:
Energy expenditureNutritional supplementationOlder adultThermoregulationUndernutritionWinter

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Gerontology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Research on thermoregulation in the 1980s highlighted factors affecting body temperature regulation.
  • Political debates on winter fuel payments for pensioners prompted a review of this research.
  • Impaired thermoregulation in older adults can lead to severe health issues, especially during cold weather.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological mechanisms of thermoregulation.
  • To examine the relationship between nutritional status and thermoregulation.
  • To understand the consequences of impaired thermoregulation in older adults and compare it to other populations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical research on thermoregulation and its relation to nutrition.
  • Analysis of admission rates for fractured femur in older adults correlated with ambient temperature.
  • Comparison of physiological responses to cold stimuli in malnourished versus well-nourished individuals.

Main Results:

  • Fractured femur admission rates increased significantly in older adults as temperatures dropped, particularly in the severely malnourished (300% rise) compared to well-nourished (30% rise).
  • Severely malnourished individuals experienced a core temperature reduction of ≥1 °C, while well-nourished individuals maintained normothermia.
  • Malnourished individuals lost the normal metabolic response (10% increase in metabolic rate) to cold stimuli, unlike the well-nourished group.

Conclusions:

  • There is a causal link between undernutrition, mild hypothermia, and accidents in older adults.
  • The physiological challenges of thermoregulation due to malnutrition are similar in older adults and polar explorers.
  • Ensuring adequate warmth and nutrition for older adults in winter is medically and humanitarily essential.