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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Preparation, Characteristics, Toxicity, and Efficacy Evaluation of the Nasal Self-Assembled Nanoemulsion Tumor Vaccine In Vitro and In Vivo
Published on: September 28, 2022
Advances and prospects of respiratory mucosal vaccines: mechanisms, technologies, and clinical applications
Jiaxuan Li1,2, Guangshang Wu1, Zhiwei Huang3
1Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
Abstract:
Respiratory mucosal immunity constitutes a critical barrier against pathogen invasion and has emerged as a promising target for vaccine development. This review outlines current understanding of its mechanisms, recent technological advances, and clinical progress. Compared with conventional vaccines, mucosal vaccines more effectively elicit localized and systemic immune responses. Key challenges and future directions are discussed, highlighting their potential in controlling emerging respiratory infections through improved immunological protection.
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