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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Related Experiment Video

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Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears
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Subscapularis Partial Thickness Tears by Yoo and Rhee Classification: Identifying MRI Predictors for Type IIB,

Yoonsang Lee1, Seul Ki Lee1, Jee-Young Kim1

  • 1Department of Radiology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea.

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|November 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study validates a new subclassification for subscapularis tendon (SSC) tears, finding MRI indicators like muscle atrophy and biceps tendon issues predict surgical needs. These findings aid in better diagnosing and treating partial thickness SSC tears.

Keywords:
classificationmagnetic resonance imagingrotator cuff tearsshouldersubscapularis

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Radiology
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Partial thickness tears of the subscapularis tendon (SSC) present diagnostic challenges.
  • The Yoo and Rhee subclassification offers a novel approach to categorizing these tears.
  • Identifying specific MRI findings is crucial for surgical decision-making.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the clinical significance of the Yoo and Rhee subclassification for partial thickness SSC tears.
  • To identify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings predictive of Yoo type IIB, a key surgical indicator.
  • To correlate MRI findings with arthroscopic surgical outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 190 patients with Lafosse type 1 SSC tears undergoing arthroscopic repair.
  • Preoperative MRI evaluation for SSC tear classification (Yoo and Rhee), muscle atrophy, fatty infiltration, and biceps pathologies.
  • Comparison of MRI findings between control (Yoo type I + IIA) and study (Yoo type IIB) groups.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in age were noted between groups (p=0.017).
  • MRI findings including muscle atrophy (p<0.001), fatty infiltration (p<0.001), and long head of the biceps (LHBT) pathologies (p<0.001) were significantly associated with Yoo type IIB.
  • Muscle atrophy (OR=33.83, p=0.008) and LHBT subluxation (OR=22.83, p<0.001) were independent predictors of Yoo type IIB.

Conclusions:

  • The Yoo and Rhee subclassification system reveals significant MRI differences in partial thickness SSC tears.
  • Muscle atrophy and LHBT subluxation are valuable MRI predictors for identifying patients requiring surgery (Yoo type IIB).
  • This classification aids in precise surgical indication for SSC tendon tears.