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Breast Organ Dose and Radiation Exposure Reduction in Full-Spine Radiography: A Phantom Model Using PCXMC.

Manami Nemoto1, Koichi Chida1,2

  • 1Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 6 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 13, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Full-spine radiography can be optimized to reduce breast radiation exposure. Changing imaging direction significantly lowers organ doses, essential for minimizing cancer risk in pediatric and adult patients.

Keywords:
Monte Carlo methodPCXMCbreast cancercancer riskfull-spinal radiographorgan dosepediatric X-ray examinationradiation doseradiation safetyscoliosis

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiological Sciences
  • Radiation Protection

Background:

  • Full-spine radiography, common in pediatric and adult patients, raises concerns about radiation-induced breast cancer risk.
  • Accurate estimation of organ doses is crucial for assessing probabilistic risks like cancer.
  • This study addresses the need for optimized X-ray imaging to reduce breast dose.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate X-ray imaging conditions for reducing breast organ dose during full-spine radiography.
  • To evaluate the accuracy of simulation software (PCXMC) for dose calculations.
  • To identify patient-tailored strategies for minimizing radiation risk while maintaining diagnostic validity.

Main Methods:

  • Breast organ doses were calculated using Monte Carlo-based software (PCXMC).
  • Doses were estimated under various technical conditions: tube voltage, distance, grid, and beam projection.
  • Dose reduction methods were explored, and the influence of phantom characteristics and photon history number on dose and error was evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Changing imaging direction from anteroposterior to posteroanterior significantly reduced breast doses (76.7%-91.1%).
  • Phantom characteristics and photon history number impact dose estimation accuracy.
  • Approximately 2 × 10^6 photon histories are recommended for a standard error ≤ 2%.

Conclusions:

  • Modifying radiographic conditions, particularly imaging direction, effectively reduces breast radiation exposure.
  • Ensuring accuracy of dose calculation software requires adjusting photon histories and verifying standard error.
  • Findings support patient-tailored imaging strategies to minimize radiation risk in spinal examinations.