Safety Assessment of Stem Cell-Based Therapies: Current Standards and Advancing Frameworks

Regenerative medicine is a rapidly evolving field of contemporary biomedical research that offers new therapeutic strategies for conditions previously considered untreatable. Cell therapy shows particular potential in this domain. However, rigorous biosafety measures are required in its development and clinical application. This review proposes a practice-oriented biosafety framework for cell therapy, translating key risks into operational principles: toxicity, oncogenicity/tumorigenicity/teratogenicity, immunogenicity, biodistribution; and cell product quality. For each principle, preclinical approaches and regulatory expectations are summarized. Criteria for immunological safety are addressed, including activation of innate immunity (complement, T- and NK-cell responses) and the need for HLA typing. Biodistribution assessment involves the use of quantitative PCR and imaging techniques (PET, MRI) to monitor cell fate over time. The risks of oncogenicity, tumorigenicity, and teratogenicity can be analyzed using a combination of in vitro methods and in vivo models in immunocompromised animals. Product quality assessment includes sterility, identity, potency, viability, and genetic stability, with alignment of procedures to regulatory requirements and an emphasis on quality-by-design principles to ensure safe and reproducible clinical use. Integrating toxicity and safety pharmacology data supports a balanced risk-benefit assessment and clinical trial planning.