Technologies in Biomarker Discovery for Animal Diseases: Mechanisms, Classification, and Diagnostic Applications

Animal diseases remain a major constraint to livestock productivity and public health, necessitating accurate, early diagnostic methods. This review examines the classification and mechanisms of diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in veterinary medicine and evaluates how advanced technologies enable their discovery. Mechanistically, biomarkers function as molecular indicators of disease presence, progression, or therapeutic response, and are essential in species where clinical signs often appear late or are non-specific. We detail the contribution of high-throughput omics platforms, genomics (NGS, RNA-Seq), proteomics (LC-MS/MS, DIGE), and metabolomics (NMR, LC-MS/MS) in identifying disease-specific molecular signatures. Emerging technologies, including CRISPR/Cas9, AI-enhanced imaging, aptamer-based biosensors, and microfluidic devices, show significant diagnostic potential. Case studies, including canine melanoma, bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), and congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs, illustrate the real-world applicability of biomarkers. Challenges such as a lack of standardization, species variability, and poor clinical translation are acknowledged. The review concludes that integrating biomarker mechanisms with advanced analytical technologies is key to advancing veterinary diagnostics and disease control.