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Spatial Modularity of Innate Immune Networks Across Bactrian Camel Tissues.

Lili Guo¹, Bin Liu², Chencheng Chang^1,3

¹Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Genomic Big Data for Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI

|November 13, 2025

Summary

Bactrian camel innate immunity is spatially organized into modular networks. This study reveals tissue-specific gene expression and coordinated immune pathways, offering insights into desert adaptation and livestock resilience.

Keywords:

Bactrian camel RNA-seq gene co-expression network innate immune gene random forest

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Area of Science:

Comparative immunology
Mammalian physiology
Desert adaptation

Background:

The spatial organization of the innate immune system in desert-adapted mammals like the Bactrian camel is largely unknown.
Understanding tissue-specific immunity is crucial for comprehending adaptation to extreme environments.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize the tissue-specific gene expression and innate immune modularity in the Bactrian camel.
To establish a systems-level framework for innate immunity in desert mammals.

Main Methods:

Transcriptomic analysis of 110 samples from 11 major tissues.
Differential gene expression analysis and Tau specificity index calculation.
Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of innate immune genes.

Main Results:

Identified 4242 high-confidence tissue-specific genes.
Discovered 11 innate immune co-expression modules, with six showing significant tissue associations (liver, spleen-adipose, muscle, blood).
Demonstrated coordinated immune pathway functions (Pattern Recognition, Cytokine Signaling, Phagocytosis) within modular networks.

Conclusions:

Camel innate immunity is organized into spatially modular networks adapted to specific tissue microenvironments.
This provides a framework for understanding immune resilience in desert-adapted mammals.
Findings may inform strategies to enhance livestock resilience in arid regions.