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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...

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Geopolymer Materials for Additive Manufacturing: Chemical Stability, Leaching Behaviour, and Radiological Safety.

Bahar Gharehpapagh¹, Meike Denker¹, Szymon Gadek²

¹Institute for Machine Elements, Engineering Design and Manufacturing, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|November 13, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that metakaolin-based geopolymers are environmentally safe for underwater construction. Leaching and radioactivity tests confirm their stability and compatibility, with minor areas for mix improvement.

Keywords:

additive manufacturing environmental compatibility geopolymers

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Geochemistry
Environmental Science

Background:

Geopolymers offer a sustainable, low-carbon alternative to Portland cement.
Their rapid setting and chemical durability are advantageous for additive manufacturing (AM) in demanding environments like underwater construction.
Chemical stability is critical for structural integrity and environmental safety in submerged applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate two metakaolin-based geopolymer formulations for underwater extrusion.
To assess the environmental compatibility of these formulations through leaching and radioactivity tests.
To identify potential areas for mix design improvement.

Main Methods:

Two metakaolin-based geopolymer formulations were prepared with different activator chemistries and rheology control agents.
Standardized leaching tests were conducted to analyze leachate composition.
Radioactivity screening was performed to measure radionuclide activities.

Main Results:

Leachates were alkaline but stable, effectively immobilizing most ions.
Major anions and total dissolved solids were within regulatory limits.
Limited exceedances of soluble organic carbon (NaOH-activated mix) and arsenic/selenium (waterglass-sand system) were noted.
Radioactivity levels were well below regulatory limits and within exemption ranges.

Conclusions:

Both geopolymer formulations exhibit robust matrix integrity and environmental compatibility for underwater applications.
The study highlights specific opportunities for mix design optimization to further reduce ecological risks.
Geopolymers present a viable, eco-friendly material for underwater construction and additive manufacturing.