Linking Nutrients to Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis: Biological Evidence and Clinical Implications

Area of Science:

• Neuroimmunology
• Nutritional Science
• Gastroenterology

Background:

• Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a CNS autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorder with unknown causes.
• Diet and lifestyle factors are increasingly recognized for their influence on MS pathogenesis and gut microbiota.
• Specific nutrients and dietary patterns may affect MS onset and progression.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current evidence on the role of dietary macronutrients (fatty acids, carbohydrates, proteins, fibers) in MS.
• To evaluate findings from preclinical models and clinical trials in people with MS.
• To understand how diet modulates MS through immune and gut-brain axis pathways.

Main Methods:

• Narrative review of recent literature.
• Analysis of preclinical models and clinical trials in people with MS.
• Evaluation of macronutrients including fatty acids, carbohydrates, proteins, and fibers.

Main Results:

• Diets high in saturated fats and refined carbohydrates worsen neuroinflammation and MS severity.
• Monounsaturated fats, omega-3 fatty acids, and fiber exert anti-inflammatory effects and improve outcomes.
• Fiber-derived short-chain fatty acids and omega-3 metabolites support gut integrity and reduce astrocyte activation.
• Evidence on dairy, meat, and gluten is inconclusive regarding inflammation promotion.

Conclusions:

• Dietary macronutrients play a crucial role in MS pathology via immune and gut-brain axis modulation.
• Anti-inflammatory, fiber-rich diets emphasizing unsaturated fats and low sugar intake show protective potential in MS.
• Dietary guidance can support MS patients in adopting healthier eating habits for overall well-being.