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The issues and trends in healthcare delivery are constantly changing. The COVID-19 pandemic is one recent issue that wreaked havoc on healthcare systems, causing a shortage of healthcare workers, high demand for medicines and supplies, and increased medical expenditure due to a lack of insurance. Other issues include rising healthcare costs and care fragmentation.
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Blockchain-Integrated Secure Authentication Framework for Smart Grid IoT Using Energy-Aware Consensus Mechanisms.

Omar Abdullah Saleh1, Mesut Cevik1

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Altinbas University, 34217 Istanbul, Turkey.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a secure authentication system for IoT smart grids using Blockchain and Deep Neural Networks. It enhances transaction speed by 32% and reduces energy consumption by 18% while improving security.

Keywords:
IoT-Enabled Smart GridsWi-Fi IEEE 802.11artificial intelligence (AI)blockchaindeep neural network (DNN)energy efficiencyenergy-aware consensusnetwork optimizationsecure authentication

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Area of Science:

  • Cybersecurity
  • Energy Systems
  • Computer Science

Background:

  • Integrating Internet of Things (IoT) devices into smart grids presents challenges in secure data sharing, scalability, and energy efficiency.
  • Traditional consensus mechanisms like Proof-of-Work (PoW) are energy-intensive, posing limitations for resource-constrained IoT devices.
  • Blockchain offers decentralized identity verification but requires efficient consensus for smart grid applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a secure and energy-efficient authentication system for IoT-enabled smart grids.
  • To address the limitations of traditional consensus mechanisms in terms of power consumption and transaction speed.
  • To improve the overall security and performance of smart grid networks.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a novel authentication system combining Blockchain, Deep Neural Network (DNN), and an energy-aware consensus mechanism (EACM).
  • Validator selection based on remaining power and trust scores to optimize energy usage during transaction confirmation.
  • Utilizing the IoT-Enabled Smart Grid Dataset for system simulation and performance evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a transaction speed of 372 TPS, a 32% improvement over conventional methods.
  • Demonstrated a 98.69% authentication accuracy with a low confirmation delay of 5.9 milliseconds.
  • Reduced validator node energy consumption by 18% and detected 98.4% of unauthorized access attempts.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed system offers a secure, fast, and energy-efficient solution for authentication in large-scale, real-time smart grid IoT environments.
  • The energy-aware consensus mechanism effectively balances performance and power consumption for IoT devices.
  • The system significantly enhances security by minimizing false acceptance and rejection rates, crucial for smart grid integrity.