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Real-Time Rail Electrification Systems Monitoring: A Review of Technologies.

Jose A Sainz-Aja¹, João Pombo^2,3,4, Jordan Brant²

¹LADICIM (Laboratory of Science and Engineering of Materials), University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|November 13, 2025

Summary

Condition monitoring (CM) systems for pantograph-overhead contact line (OCL) interfaces are crucial for railway safety. This review details current CM technologies, their limitations, and future trends to improve OCL performance and reduce delays.

Keywords:

condition monitoring decision support pantograph–overhead contact line interface railway maintenance strategies service safety and reliability

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Area of Science:

Railway engineering
Electrical engineering
Materials science

Background:

The pantograph-overhead contact line (OCL) interface is vital for electrified railways but vulnerable to wear, environmental factors, and maintenance issues.
Failures in this system cause significant traffic disruptions and train delays, costing thousands of hours annually.
Evolving maintenance strategies emphasize data-driven decision support and advanced sensing systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive review of current condition monitoring (CM) systems for the pantograph-OCL interface.
To analyze the advantages and disadvantages of existing CM technologies.
To outline future trends and research directions in OCL condition monitoring.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing condition monitoring systems for pantograph-OCL.
Analysis of system performance, including advantages and disadvantages.
Identification of emerging trends and technological advancements.

Main Results:

Current CM systems vary in their effectiveness and applicability.
Key challenges include wear, environmental impacts, and maintenance deficiencies affecting performance.
Technological advancements are driving the adoption of real-time data for improved decision-making.

Conclusions:

Condition monitoring is essential for enhancing the reliability, availability, and safety of railway operations.
Further research and development are needed to optimize CM systems for the pantograph-OCL interface.
Future trends point towards integrated, data-driven approaches for proactive maintenance and failure prevention.