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Related Concept Videos

Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

1.3K
Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...
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Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring01:23

Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring

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Holter monitoring is a continuous electrocardiography (ECG) recording that tracks the heart's electrical activity over an extended period, generally 24 to 48 hours. This noninvasive diagnostic tool detects irregular heart rhythms that may not be captured during a standard ECG performed in a clinical setting.DeviceThe Holter monitor is a portable, small device connected to several electrodes on the patient's chest. These electrodes detect the heart's electrical signals and transmit them to the...
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Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

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An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Instrumentation Amplifier01:25

Instrumentation Amplifier

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An electrocardiography (ECG) machine is an essential piece of medical equipment used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It operates by detecting small electrical changes on the skin that result from the depolarization of the heart muscle during each heartbeat. However, these signals are in the microvolt range and can be easily overwhelmed by noise or interference.
To overcome this challenge, an ECG machine utilizes an instrumentation amplifier. This specialized amplifier is...
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Pulse Oximetry01:24

Pulse Oximetry

1.2K
Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
Purpose
Average SpO2 values are greater than 95%. If the readings fall below 90%, it indicates that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing the Study of Brain-Heart Interplay with a Comprehensive EEGLAB Plugin for Multimodal Signal Analysis
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Author Spotlight: Advancing the Study of Brain-Heart Interplay with a Comprehensive EEGLAB Plugin for Multimodal Signal Analysis

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A Multimodal System for Comprehensive Cardiovascular Monitoring Using ECG, PCG, and PPG Signal Fusion.

Khang Thanh Tran1,2, Thao Nguyen Tran1,2, Dang Nguyen Huynh1,2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Dien Hong Ward, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a wearable system combining ECG, PCG, and PPG signals for cardiovascular monitoring. The system assesses arterial stiffness and heart-arterial coupling, offering potential for early risk detection and remote patient care.

Keywords:
cardiovascular systemdata fusionelectrocardiogram (ECG)phonocardiogram (PCG)photoplethysmogram (PPG)

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Wearable Technology

Background:

  • Comprehensive cardiovascular monitoring is crucial for preventive healthcare.
  • Existing systems may lack multi-modality integration for detailed physiological assessment.
  • Wearable technology offers potential for continuous, non-invasive health tracking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a low-cost, wearable multimodal system for cardiovascular monitoring.
  • To integrate electrocardiogram (ECG), phonocardiogram (PCG), and photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals.
  • To extract key physiological markers like pre-ejection period (PEP), pulse transit time (PTT), and pulse arrival time (PAT).

Main Methods:

  • A wearable system integrating ECG, PCG, and PPG sensors was developed.
  • Signal fusion techniques were employed to derive PEP (ECG-PCG), PTT (PCG-PPG), and PAT (ECG-PPG).
  • Physiological markers were correlated with age, body mass index (BMI), and sex.

Main Results:

  • PEP showed significant association with BMI, but not age, indicating BMI's impact on myocardial function.
  • PTT and PAT correlated negatively with age and BMI, suggesting their utility in assessing vascular aging.
  • PAT revealed significant sex-based differences, highlighting cardiovascular physiological disparities.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed fusion-based approach is technically feasible for cardiovascular monitoring.
  • The system has clinical potential for scalable, preventive healthcare and at-home monitoring.
  • Derived markers like PTT and PAT can serve as noninvasive indicators of vascular aging and sex-specific differences.