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X-ray Imaging

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...

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X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

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Scatter Removal in Photon-Counting Dual-Energy Chest X-Ray Imaging Using a Moving Block Method: A Simulation Phantom

Bahaa Ghammraoui¹, Yee Lam Elim Thompson¹

¹Division of Imaging, Diagnostics, and Software Reliability, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|November 13, 2025

Summary

Scatter correction using a moving block method significantly improves dual-energy subtraction images in photon-counting chest radiography. This dose-neutral strategy enhances contrast and reduces artifacts, especially for larger patient sizes.

Keywords:

DEC DSE Monte Carlo dual-energy chest radiography moving blocker photon counting scatter correction

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Area of Science:

Medical Imaging Physics
Radiological Sciences
Photon-Counting Detector Technology

Background:

Dual-energy radiography (DE) offers improved tissue characterization.
Scatter radiation degrades DE image quality, necessitating correction.
Photon-counting detectors (PCDs) enable advanced DE imaging but require robust scatter handling.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy of a moving block scatter correction method in photon-counting dual-energy (PC-DE) chest radiography.
To quantify scatter-induced degradations using IEC 62220-2-1 dual-energy metrics.
To assess the impact of scatter correction on image contrast and artifacts across different simulated patient sizes.

Main Methods:

Simulated PC-DE chest radiography using MC-GPU and Photon Counting Toolkit with a CdTe detector.
Modeled a modified LucAl phantom in three sizes with PMMA and aluminum inserts.
Estimated and subtracted scatter using a moving block method with Gaussian smoothing (σ=5.0 mm).
Evaluated performance using dual-energy contrast (DEC) and dual-energy subtraction efficiency (DSE) normalized to 1 mGy entrance air kerma.

Main Results:

Moving block scatter estimation achieved an average pixel-wise error of 0.4%.
Scatter contamination reduced target material contrast by up to 25% and introduced artifacts, particularly in Al-enhanced images.
Scatter correction restored contrast, increased target DEC, maintained low non-target DEC, and reduced edge artifacts.
Performance gains were most pronounced in the large phantom, indicating improved accuracy for larger patient sizes.

Conclusions:

The moving block method effectively corrects scatter in PC-DE chest radiography.
Scatter correction significantly enhances image quality by improving contrast and reducing artifacts.
This technique is a dose-neutral strategy for optimizing PC-DE chest imaging, particularly beneficial for larger patients.