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320 × 240 SPAD Direct Time-of-Flight Image Sensor and Camera Based on In-Pixel Correlation and Switched-Capacitor

Maarten Kuijk1, Ayman Morsy1, Thomas Lapauw1

  • 1ETRO.RDI, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Correlation-Assisted Direct Time-of-Flight (CA-dToF) imaging is now available on a 320x240 SPAD sensor. This novel approach achieves sub-cm precision depth sensing up to 6 meters, overcoming previous limitations.

Keywords:
3D-ToFCA-dToFLIDARSPADdepth sensingexponential moving averageswitched capacitors

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Sensing Technology
  • Digital Imaging Systems

Background:

  • Traditional time-of-flight sensors face bottlenecks in data processing and communication.
  • In-pixel processing is crucial for efficient depth sensing with SPAD arrays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate Correlation-Assisted Direct Time-of-Flight (CA-dToF) imaging on a large-format SPAD sensor.
  • To enable high-precision depth sensing with reduced data handling overhead.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a 320x240 SPAD array with integrated high-speed timing circuitry.
  • Employed in-pixel sampling of orthogonal triangle waves synchronized with light pulses.
  • Applied exponential moving averaging (EMA) to analog voltages for time-of-flight extraction.

Main Results:

  • Achieved sub-centimeter depth precision over a 6-meter detection range.
  • Demonstrated effective averaging of uncorrelated noise sources, leaving only shot noise.
  • Successfully implemented CA-dToF on a QVGA sensor with low Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE).

Conclusions:

  • CA-dToF is a viable technique for high-resolution, long-range depth sensing with SPAD arrays.
  • In-pixel processing significantly enhances the efficiency and scalability of dToF systems.
  • This advancement paves the way for more sophisticated depth-sensing camera applications.