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The Synapse

The Synapse

Neurons communicate with one another by passing on their electrical signals to other neurons. A synapse is the location where two neurons meet to exchange signals. At the synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is called the presynaptic cell, while the neuron that receives the message is called the postsynaptic cell. Note that most neurons can be both presynaptic and postsynaptic, as they both transmit and receive information.

Chemical Synapses

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...

Chemical Synapses

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Dynamic Inter-subject Functional Connectivity Reveals Moment-to-Moment Brain Network Configurations Driven by Continuous or Communication Paradigms

Dynamic Inter-subject Functional Connectivity Reveals Moment-to-Moment Brain Network Configurations Driven by Continuous or Communication Paradigms

Published on: March 21, 2019

Zero-phase-delay synchrony between interacting neural populations: implications for functional connectivity-derived

Chirag Mehra¹, Ahmad Beyh^1,2, Petroula Laiou^3,4

¹Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopment Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.

Imaging Neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)

|November 13, 2025

Summary

Excluding zero-phase delay connections in functional connectivity analysis may discard true neural interactions. Including these connections improves reliability and biological relevance, challenging current methods.

Keywords:

biomarker electroencephalography functional connectivity signal leakage zero-phase delay zero-phase lag

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Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Computational Neuroscience
Biomarkers

Background:

Neural activity synchronizes with zero or non-zero phase delays.
Zero-phase delay connectivity can be artefactual in electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG).
Current methods exclude zero-phase delay interactions to minimize artifacts, potentially losing true connectivity data.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the impact of excluding zero-phase delay interactions on functional connectivity metrics.
Determine if zero-phase delay connectivity represents true neural interactions.
Assess the effect of including zero-phase delay connectivity on the performance of functional connectivity metrics as biomarkers.

Main Methods:

Analysis of cortico-cortical functional connectivity using electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography data.
Comparison of functional connectivity metrics with and without the inclusion of zero-phase delay interactions.
Evaluation of structure-function concordance, homotopic interhemispheric connectivity, and age-related changes.

Main Results:

Most cortico-cortical functional connectivity occurs with zero or near-zero phase delay, even when not artefactual.
Including zero-phase delay connectivity enhances reliability, neurobiological convergence, and prognostic ability of functional connectivity metrics.
Excluding zero-phase delay connections disproportionately affects connectivity between strongly structurally connected regions.

Conclusions:

Zero-phase delay interactions are a significant component of true neural connectivity.
Current practices of excluding zero-phase delay connectivity may hinder the utility of functional connectivity metrics as biomarkers.
Findings challenge the assumption that zero-phase exclusive methods are superior to inclusive methods.