Jove
Visualize
Contact Us

Related Concept Videos

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

47.6K
sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
47.6K
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

65.3K
The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
65.3K
Valence Bond Theory and Hybridized Orbitals02:38

Valence Bond Theory and Hybridized Orbitals

27.5K
According to valence bond theory, a covalent bond results when: (1) an orbital on one atom overlaps an orbital on a second atom, and (2) the single electrons in each orbital combine to form an electron pair. The strength of a covalent bond depends on the extent of overlap of the orbitals involved. Maximum overlap is possible when the orbitals overlap on a direct line between the two nuclei.
A σ bond (single bond in a Lewis structure) is a covalent bond in which the electron density is...
27.5K
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals01:17

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals

3.3K
Ideally, an unpaired electron shows a single peak in the EPR spectrum due to the transition between the two spin energy states. However, coupling interactions can occur between the spins of the unpaired electron and any neighboring spin-active nuclei. This hyperfine coupling results in hyperfine splitting, where the EPR signal is split into multiplets. The signals split into 2nI + 1 peaks, where n is the number of equivalent nuclei and I is the nuclear spin. These splitting patterns provide...
3.3K
Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

48.9K
It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
48.9K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.6K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Commitment Schemes from OWFs with Applications to Quantum Oblivious Transfer.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

(Inner-Product) Functional Encryption with Updatable Ciphertexts.

Journal of cryptology : the journal of the International Association for Cryptologic Research·2024
Same journal

Simple tunable phase-locked lasers for quantum technologies.

EPJ quantum technology·2026
Same journal

Dual-use, quantum technologies, and responsible innovation: the challenges of responsible quantum in defence.

EPJ quantum technology·2026
Same journal

Towards metaphors for quantum computational thinking.

EPJ quantum technology·2026
Same journal

Quantum technologies and geopolitics: comparing parliamentary rhetoric.

EPJ quantum technology·2026
Same journal

Entanglement routing via passive optics in CV-networks.

EPJ quantum technology·2026
Same journal

Building Europe's quantum technology education community.

EPJ quantum technology·2025
See all related articles
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.1K

Quantum-safe hybrid key exchanges with KEM-based authentication.

Christopher Battarbee1, Christoph Striecks2, Ludovic Perret3,1

  • 1Sorbonne University, CNRS, LIP6 F-75005, Paris, France.

EPJ Quantum Technology
|November 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Muckle# enhances hybrid authenticated key exchange (HAKE) for quantum-safe networks. It uses post-quantum key encapsulation mechanisms (KEMs) for efficient authentication, improving upon Muckle+ protocols.

Keywords:
Hybrid authenticated key exchangePost-quantum cryptographyQuantum cryptography

More Related Videos

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
10:00

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

13.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.1K
Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
10:00

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

13.2K

Area of Science:

  • Cryptography and Network Security
  • Post-Quantum Cryptography
  • Applied Cryptography

Background:

  • Authenticated Key Exchange (AKE) is crucial for secure digital infrastructures.
  • The Muckle+ protocol offers hybrid AKE for large quantum-safe networks but relies on less efficient post-quantum signatures.
  • Efficiency of post-quantum signatures hinders scalability in large networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose Muckle#, a novel hybrid AKE protocol for enhanced efficiency in large quantum-safe networks.
  • To address the efficiency limitations of post-quantum signatures in existing HAKE protocols.
  • To explore KEM-based implicit authentication for HAKE, inspired by TLS advancements.

Main Methods:

  • Developed Muckle#, a new HAKE protocol utilizing post-quantum Key Encapsulation Mechanisms (KEMs) for authentication.
  • Adapted KEM-based authentication principles from Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols like KEMTLS.
  • Introduced novel proof techniques to analyze the security and functionality of the KEM-based approach.
  • Implemented a proof-of-concept to demonstrate the protocol's practicality.

Main Results:

  • Muckle# achieves improved efficiency in hybrid authenticated key exchange by leveraging post-quantum KEMs.
  • The KEM-based authentication results in a modified message flow compared to signature-based methods.
  • A practical proof-of-concept validates the feasibility of Muckle#.

Conclusions:

  • Muckle# presents a more efficient alternative for hybrid authenticated key exchange in large quantum-safe networks.
  • The use of post-quantum KEMs for implicit authentication offers a viable path for scalable HAKE.
  • This work demonstrates the practicality and potential of KEM-based authentication in HAKE protocols.