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Related Concept Videos

Concepts of Health and Illness01:29

Concepts of Health and Illness

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Health is a condition of the body, mind, and spirit where an individual remains free from illness. Similarly, wellness is an active state, including living a lifestyle that promotes physical, mental, and emotional health. Physical health is critical for the overall well-being and can be affected by lifestyle, activity level, diet, and behavior. The highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental and universal human right. Consider Lisa, a fifteen-year-old born with congenital...
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Factors Affecting Illness01:18

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When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
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Dimensions of Health and Illness01:21

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The factors influencing the health-illness continuum can be internal or external and may or may not be under conscious control. They are related to the following eight human dimensions, and each dimension is interrelated to one other.
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Classification of Illness01:17

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The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
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Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II01:18

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The person's health status fluctuates continually, varying from being in good health to becoming ill and returning to being healthy. To understand the concept of illness prevention, there are two models. First, the health-illness continuum model is a graphic representation of an individual's wellness. It states that a person is considered healthy in the absence of physical disease and the presence of good emotional health.
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Health Literacy01:21

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Health literacy is an individual's or a community's capacity to comprehend, receive, read, and use relevant healthcare information and services. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) defines health literacy as the cognitive and social skills that determine the ability of individuals to gain access to, understand, and use information in ways that promote and maintain good health. As a result, the WHO helps individuals manage long-term health concerns, participate in preventative...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Assessment and Communication for People with Disorders of Consciousness
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Contested illness and communication: Positioning long Covid in online discussion forums.

Sally Sargeant1, Sarah Wilkinson1, Mimirose Lorraway2

  • 1Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Coolangatta, Queensland, Australia.

Journal of Health Psychology
|November 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Long COVID patients often face healthcare dismissal due to diagnostic uncertainty. Validating patient experiences and acknowledging symptom legitimacy are crucial for supporting recovery and improving outcomes for this post-COVID condition.

Keywords:
contested illnesslong COVIDonline forumspositioning theorysick role theory

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Area of Science:

  • * Medical Sociology
  • * Public Health
  • * Digital Health

Background:

  • * Long COVID, a post-COVID-19 condition recognized by the WHO, presents challenges due to unknown causes and diagnostic difficulties.
  • * Patients frequently report experiences of dismissal and lack of validation when seeking healthcare for long COVID symptoms.
  • * Understanding patient experiences is vital for improving healthcare provision for this complex condition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To explore the healthcare-seeking experiences of individuals with long COVID.
  • * To analyze patient perspectives on symptom legitimacy and diagnostic dismissal within online health forums.

Main Methods:

  • * Qualitative analysis of 305 posts from two online forums (Mayo Clinic Connect and Reddit) in June-July 2023.
  • * Template analysis identified 12 relevant forum threads.
  • * Inductive thematic analysis revealed key themes in patient experiences.

Main Results:

  • * Three major themes emerged: 'The concept of time', 'The importance of symptom legitimacy', and 'Responding to diagnostic dismissal'.
  • * Patients highlighted the significance of having their symptoms validated by healthcare professionals.
  • * Experiences of diagnostic dismissal were frequently reported, impacting patient trust and care.

Conclusions:

  • * Healthcare professionals play a critical role in validating patient experiences, even without a formal long COVID diagnosis.
  • * Acknowledging the heterogeneity and diagnostic challenges of long COVID is essential for supporting patient recovery.
  • * Improved communication and validation are needed to address the unmet needs of long COVID patients.