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Related Concept Videos

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
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Conduction System of the Heart01:20

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The cardiac conduction system produces and transmits electrical impulses that prompt myocardial contraction, ensuring efficient heart function. This intricate system ensures that the heart beats in a coordinated and efficient manner, beginning with the atria and then the ventricles. The conduction system optimizes cardiac output by maintaining this precise sequence, which is crucial for adequate blood circulation.
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Conduction System of the Heart01:19

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Autorhythmicity is a term that refers to the heart's inherent ability to generate electrical signals and instigate muscle contractions. This self-regulating conduction system within the heart consists of two key components: the pacemaker cells and specialized conducting cells.
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Implantation of Total Artificial Heart in Congenital Heart Disease
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Congenital Heart Block.

Erick Jimenez1, Matthew Ambrose1, Bradley Clark1

  • 1Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota - Masonic Children's Hospital, 2450 Riverside Avenue S, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.

Clinics in Perinatology
|November 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Congenital heart block (CHB) is a rare fetal condition affecting the heart's electrical system. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary care, including new therapies, improve outcomes for affected pregnancies and neonates.

Keywords:
Congenital heart blockFetal arrhythmiaMaternal autoantibodiesNeonatal lupusPacemaker therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Pediatric Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Congenital heart block (CHB) is a rare fetal arrhythmia caused by conduction system disruptions.
  • Often associated with maternal autoantibodies (e.g., anti-Ro/SSA, anti-La/SSB) or congenital heart defects.
  • Leads to significant fetal morbidity and mortality if untreated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of congenital heart block (CHB).
  • To examine current diagnostic strategies and emerging therapeutic interventions.
  • To highlight the importance of multidisciplinary management for improved fetal and neonatal outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on CHB pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.
  • Emphasis on advances in fetal echocardiography for early detection.
  • Discussion of pharmacological (e.g., hydroxychloroquine, IVIG) and interventional (pacemaker implantation) strategies.

Main Results:

  • Fetal echocardiography is crucial for diagnosing CHB and assessing cardiac function.
  • Maternal hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis shows promise in preventing CHB development or progression.
  • Multimodal therapies, including corticosteroids and IVIG, offer options for refractory cases.
  • Pacemaker implantation is a viable option for symptomatic neonates.

Conclusions:

  • Early and accurate diagnosis of CHB is critical for timely intervention.
  • A multidisciplinary approach involving maternal-fetal medicine specialists, pediatric cardiologists, and electrophysiologists is essential.
  • Advances in prenatal and postnatal management offer improved prognoses for CHB-affected infants.