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Nitrogen-Terminated Diamond Films for Antiscaling Coatings.

Xiang Zhang¹, Yifan Zhu¹, Eliezer F Oliveira²

¹Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.

|November 14, 2025

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Nitrogen-functionalized diamond films show remarkable resistance to mineral scaling, significantly reducing gypsum deposition. This discovery offers a durable solution for industrial systems prone to scale buildup.

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Surface Chemistry
Tribology

Background:

Mineral scaling, especially gypsum, causes significant economic losses and equipment damage in industrial settings.
Current mitigation strategies are often temporary and introduce environmental concerns.
Development of intrinsically scale-resistant materials is crucial for sustainable industrial operations.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the efficacy of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) films with various surface terminations against calcium sulfate (CaSO4) scaling.
To explore the role of surface chemistry and structure in preventing mineral scale formation.
To establish nitrogen-functionalized diamond as a viable antiscaling material.

Main Methods:

Fabrication and surface termination (oxygen, hydrogen, fluorine, nitrogen) of PCD films.

Keywords:

boron-doped diamond gypsum mineral scale polycrystalline diamond surface functionalization

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CaSO4 scaling tests using techniques like SEM and adhesion force measurements.

Computational modeling including molecular dynamics and density functional theory (DFT).

Electrochemical performance tests on functionalized boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes.

Main Results:

Nitrogen-terminated PCD (N-PCD) demonstrated an order-of-magnitude reduction in Ca2+ accumulation compared to other terminations.
N-PCD surfaces exhibited sparse, dendritic gypsum crystallites, unlike dense scale on other surfaces.
DFT and molecular dynamics revealed a protective water layer on N-PCD, repelling CaSO4 ions.
Bulk nitrogen doping and functionalization of BDD electrodes further enhanced scale resistance.

Conclusions:

Nitrogen-functionalized diamond surfaces effectively suppress CaSO4 scale formation through surface energy modification and water layer formation.
Nitrogen doping and functionalization offer a robust and durable antiscaling solution.
This technology holds promise for applications in water treatment, energy production, and other industries facing scaling challenges.