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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
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Emerging patterns in HIV integrase resistance.

Margarida Veloso1, Marta Ribeiro1, Joaquim Cabanas1

  • 1Molecular Biology Laboratory (SPC, Unidade Local de Saúde Lisboa Ocidental-HEM), Lisbon.

AIDS (London, England)
|November 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Integrase resistance mutations were found in 5.5% of people with HIV experiencing treatment failure in Portugal. Continued surveillance is crucial as integrase inhibitors become more common.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Integrase inhibitors are crucial for managing HIV infection.
  • Treatment-experienced people with HIV (PWH) with virological failure are at risk of developing resistance.
  • Emerging resistance necessitates ongoing monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the prevalence of integrase resistance mutations in treatment-experienced PWH with virological failure in Portugal.
  • To identify common integrase resistance mutations and their associations.
  • To inform treatment strategies in the context of increasing integrase inhibitor use.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of genotypic resistance data from 837 treatment-experienced PWH.
  • Data collected between 2022 and 2024 in Portugal.
  • Analysis included identification of major integrase resistance mutations and HIV subtypes.

Main Results:

  • Major integrase resistance mutations were detected in 5.5% of the study population.
  • N155H and R263K were the most frequent mutations.
  • Resistance was more prevalent in non-B HIV subtypes and frequently co-occurred with resistance to other antiretroviral drug classes.

Conclusions:

  • While integrase resistance prevalence is currently low, it warrants continued surveillance.
  • The findings underscore the importance of monitoring resistance to guide the use of integrase inhibitors like dolutegravir, bictegravir, and cabotegravir.
  • Understanding resistance patterns is essential for optimizing long-term HIV treatment outcomes.