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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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DNA Bacteriophages01:26

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

Lysosomal Hydrolases

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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Author Spotlight: Efficiently Eliminating Bacteriophages from Infected Salmonella Cultures Using Lipopolysaccharides
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Bacteriophage endolysins.

Nidhi Prajapati1, Dharmendra Prajapati1, Anil Patani1

  • 1Department of Biotechnology, Smt. S. S. Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India.

The Enzymes
|November 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacteriophage endolysins are powerful antimicrobial enzymes that destroy bacterial cell walls. Their unique action and rarity of resistance make them a promising solution to antibiotic resistance.

Keywords:
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)BacteriophageEndolysinEnzybioticsPhage therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Bacteriophages produce endolysins, enzymes that degrade bacterial cell walls to release progeny virions.
  • Endolysins are potent antimicrobials, particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria due to their specificity and rapid action.
  • Bacterial resistance to endolysins is rare, offering a significant advantage over conventional antibiotics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive analysis of bacteriophage endolysins.
  • To explore their structure, mechanism of action, classification, and therapeutic potential.
  • To discuss their role in combating the global antibiotic resistance crisis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on bacteriophage endolysins.
  • Analysis of structural and functional properties of endolysins.
  • Exploration of advancements in protein engineering for enhanced endolysin activity.

Main Results:

  • Endolysins exhibit unique mechanisms for bacterial cell wall lysis.
  • Molecular biology advancements enable the design of synthetic and chimeric endolysins.
  • Engineered endolysins show enhanced activity and broader host range, including against Gram-negative bacteria.

Conclusions:

  • Bacteriophage endolysins represent a promising alternative to antibiotics.
  • Their application spans clinical medicine, agriculture, food safety, and biotechnology.
  • Endolysins offer a viable strategy to address the escalating issue of antimicrobial resistance.