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Functional Bioink and 3D Bioprinting Tissue Scaffold Applications for Spinal Cord Injury.

Seydanur Yücer1,2,3, Begüm Sarac1,2,3, Ali Can Özarslan4

  • 1Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering
|November 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This review explores advanced 3D nanocomposite scaffolds using graphene oxide, PLGA-PEG, and hydroxyapatite for spinal cord injury (SCI) repair. These materials promote neural regeneration and functional recovery, bridging the gap to clinical application.

Keywords:
Axonal regenerationGraphene oxideHydroxyapatiteScaffoldSpinal cord injurySynthetic polymersTissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Neuroscience
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes severe sensory and motor function loss due to axonal disruption.
  • Current therapeutic strategies for neural repair after SCI are limited.
  • Tissue engineering offers a promising avenue for axonal regeneration using 3D scaffolds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in biomaterials and scaffold designs for SCI repair.
  • To emphasize the role of nanocomposite systems in enhancing neural regeneration.
  • To outline a framework for developing next-generation scaffolds for SCI.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on 3D polymeric scaffolds incorporating nanocomposite systems.
  • Integration of graphene oxide (GO), PLGA-PEG, and hydroxyapatite (HA).
  • Analysis of key parameters: microarchitecture, surface modification, and mechanical compliance.

Main Results:

  • Nanocomposite scaffolds (GO/PLGA-PEG/HA) show improved biocompatibility and mechanical properties.
  • Enhanced cellular adhesion and guidance cues for axonal growth.
  • Multifunctional scaffolds support stem cell differentiation and neurotrophic factor delivery.

Conclusions:

  • GO/PLGA-PEG/HA nanocomposites represent a promising approach for SCI regeneration.
  • These advanced scaffolds can improve structural and functional recovery after SCI.
  • This research bridges experimental tissue engineering with clinically translatable neuroregenerative therapies.